
The effect of annealing on trapped copper oxides in ...
In the high magnifiion images (Fig. 3b – d), the copper oxides are seen to be fragmented along the PPIs and the thickness of the oxide increased. Grooving of the oxide can be observed in Fig. 3c, d. The frequency of nano size pores on the PPIs has also decreased, presumably due to partial sintering of the oxides during annealing. As a result, the fraction of PPIs with metallurgical ...